Development of a Parent Training Module for Designing Adaptive Individualized Numeracy Learning Programs for Children Aged 5–6 Years

Abstract

This study developed and evaluated an Adaptive Individualized Numeracy Learning Program training module for parents of children aged 5–6 years. A needs analysis involving focus group discussions and open-ended questionnaires revealed parents’ limited understanding of multidimensional numeracy concepts and individualized learning strategies, as well as the absence of structured guidance for home-based support. Using the ADDIE framework, the module was systematically designed, validated by experts, and implemented through small- and large-group trials. Findings indicated that the module met high standards of content and language feasibility and was practically applicable in home learning contexts. Effectiveness testing demonstrated a significant improvement in parents’ knowledge and readiness to design adaptive numeracy activities, with a very large effect size. Qualitative findings further showed enhanced parental confidence, improved ability to align activities with children’s developmental levels, and increased use of play-based strategies in daily routines. Overall, the module is pedagogically feasible and effective in strengthening parents’ capacity to support individualized early numeracy development at home.